![]() ![]() Saxon Snell, showed the direct influence of British hospital planning. Some new institutions, such as Montréal's Royal Victoria Hospital (1894), designed by H. The MGH was enlarged with the Richardson and Reid wings in 18, respectively. Throughout the 19th century, larger hospitals were constructed and existing hospitals were extended. All three hospital roofs were hipped and punctuated by numerous chimneys. The MGH, designed by architect Thomas Phillips, was a three-storey building crowned by a classical cupola which illuminated its first operating room. They were rectangular structures with central entries. Many of these early 19th-century hospitals-the original MGH, the Kingston General Hospital (1835) and Toronto (York) General Hospitals-resembled large country houses. These Protestant, benevolent institutions were often sited at some distance from the city centre (although the cities soon engulfed them), for the protection of both the patients and the healthy population. The 19th century also saw the construction of much larger lay general hospitals in Canada's growing cities, such as the Montréal General Hospital (MGH, 1821), the Toronto General Hospital (1824), the Victoria General in Halifax (1859) and the Vancouver General (1886). During its early years, the Marine Hospital in Douglastown accommodated 10-12 seamen who were treated by three physicians. The scale of the hospital's operations was relatively small. It had a low-pitched, hipped, slate roof, crowned by a domed cupola. The Marine Hospital in Douglastown, New Brunswick, a single-storey, rectangular sandstone building, is a good example of this type of hospital. Six such institutions were built before Confederation, five in New Brunswick and one in Québec City. Marine hospitals were mostly constructed in the early 19th century and closed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as other institutions began to accept non-residents as patients. The Atlantic coast was also the site of special hospitals for sick mariners, who did not have the option of home care. An anonymous soldier described the Louisbourg hospital in 1745 as a two-storey masonry structure and yard, surrounded by a massive wall, 12 feet high and 4 feet thick. In 1730, the Hôpital du Roi was completed, featuring its own chapel, morgue, apothecary, bakery, laundry, kitchen, latrines, and wards for members of the Brothers of Charity, the medical order which ran the institution. LOUISBOURG, Cape Breton, originally included a crude hospital on the north shore of the harbour. The pattern of replacing rudimentary quarters with more solid buildings was followed throughout New France. Other early hospitals established at Trois-Rivières (1697), Hôpital Général de Québec (1692) and Hôpital Général de Montréal (1694) took care of the aged poor and orphans, in addition to the sick. Following a series of fires in 17, the Hôtel-Dieu was rebuilt in 1816-25. Technologically advanced for its time, the Hôtel-Dieu had running water in the wards and latrines through a system of lead and stone ducts. Hospitals such as this were connected to convents windows in the 1672 Hôtel-Dieu looked directly onto the convent courtyard. In 1672, a second, 24-bed ward was added and patients were segregated by gender. This single-storey, gable-roofed structure contained one ward of 10 beds connected to a chapel, allowing the patients to hear mass. The HÔTEL-DIEU in Québec City, established in 1639 by Augustine nursing sisters, was given its first permanent stone building in 1658. Later, colonists were accepted as patients and offered more permanent quarters in generic (ie, unspecialized) masonry buildings. The first hospitals were sites where the proselytization of indigenous peoples by religious nursing sisters was carried on. According to the first annalist, Soeur Morin, it contained two sick wards, a kitchen, rooms for servants and for founder Jeanne MANCE. The Hôtel-Dieu in Montréal, for example, was a small building (24 x 60 feet) established in the fort at VILLE-MARIE in 1644. In NEW FRANCE, urban institutions intended for healing were first housed in temporary wooden buildings. Since about 1970, hospitals have become increasingly specialized structurally they have become flexible and expandable. By the turn of the 20th century, the administration of scientific medicine was the major purpose of the Canadian hospital. The earliest hospitals included military and marine hospitals, as well as Roman Catholic and then Protestant benevolent institutions. The financial sources and social mandates of hospitals have varied widely over the past 400 years. The first hospitals emerged in places where people were unable to get medical treatment by physicians in their own homes. Until around 1900 those able to pay doctors preferred to be treated at home. From the 17th century until about 1900, hospitals in what is now Canada were unspecialized, multi-purpose institutions for the sick poor. ![]()
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